Planning for Doomsday through Panarchy: Part 1. The Adaptive Cycle

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1. Conservation — highly connected, highly stable
   1. Ecology example: Forest in its natural state and healthy state
   2. Disaster example: The normal / pre-emergency phase where a system is in control and relatively stable
2. Release — a dramatic change that alters the system drastically; the tipping point to shift a system
   1. Ecology example: spark is created and forrest fire begins
   2. Disaster example: the emergency hits — earthquake, terrorist attack, hurricane, pandemic, etc.
3. Reorganization — re-organization of resources
   1. Ecology example: water is more mobile and brings seeds and nutrients to different parts of the forest than before, allowing for unique interactions that were not present in conservation
   2. Disaster example: money, supplies, organizations and individuals rearrange themselves to address the outfall of the disaster
4. Exploitation — when the system begins to take shape again and solidify its trajectory
   1. Ecology example: specific species do better than others and begin to grow more and utilize more resources, preventing other species from becoming dominant
   2. Disaster example: the immediate needs of the emergency have been dealt with, and rebuilding begins to take place; new set of entities take over at this stage and the trajectory is pretty much set, with some changes along the way.

• Forest example: Re-organization shifts the system from a forest to a wet land. The characteristics of the system are so different that a new adaptive cycle must be created
• Disaster example: The field of emergency management and initiatives around security and surveillance post 9/11 — the evolution of terrorism as a federal priority

1. During the conservation phase, the rigidity trap can occur when the system is so tightly coupled, self re-inforcing and/or inflexible that it is unable to leave the conservation phase; once the systems hits a tipping point it will collapse
   1. Forest example: An old-growth forest, where essential nutrients are contained within the biomass of shade-tolerant species which can only reproduce in shade, may face catastrophic outcomes if a wildfire hits (from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art40/)
   2. Disaster example: Societies heavily controlled with a corrupt political regime (Holling 2001) or prevalent case system (Berkes and Folke 2002) (from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art40/)
2. During the reorganization phase, the poverty trap can occur when there there are insufficient resources for the system to shift to the exploitation phase, which can cause the system to fail all together
   1. Forest example: There is persistent draught following the fire which inhibits the eventual re-growth of the forest
   2. Disaster example: The devastation in a smaller town is so immense that there are insufficient resources to support life. Towns people must leave the town in search for somewhere else to live

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